• Reports described a range of synthetic GPR agonists with

  2021-09-15

  

  Reports described a range of synthetic GPR40 agonists with desirable safety and efficacy profiles, compared with existing antidiabetic therapies such as insulin and sulfonylureas [[20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]]. Among them, several small molecules were tested in the clinical t

• Both anxiety like behavior and sucrose preference

  2021-09-15

  

  Both anxiety-like behavior and sucrose preference/intake were reduced in GPR40/FFAR1 KO male mice, while social behavior was normal in KO mice. These findings indicate that brain GPR40/FFAR1 is involved in the modulation of anxiety- and depression-like behavior in rodents. Previous studies have demo

• In enzyme assays it is

  2021-09-15

  

  In enzyme assays, it is convenient to quantify the product formed in the enzyme reaction, where a decrease in the concentration of product indicates enzyme inhibition [35], [36], [37], [38]. In the present study, substrates were carefully chosen so that they are specific to each enzyme. Known natura

• GW-1100 One PKC target that controls cortical actin structur

  2021-09-15

  

  One PKC target that controls cortical GW-1100 structure is a well-known actin crosslinking protein, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS). MARCKS cross-links actin and binds PIP2 and this binding activity is regulated by PKC phosphorylation [82]. Activation of PKC releases MARCKS f

• ym express Consistent with a similar study we found

  2021-09-15

  

  Consistent with a similar study, we found economic status to be very important to domestic funding of HIV. Upper-middle-income and high-income countries are more likely to have fiscal space for health and be less reliant on external sources. Moreover, richer countries often attract larger cofinancin

• br Retrieval requires histamine H

  2021-09-15

  

  Retrieval requires histamine H1 receptors in dorsal hippocampus Retrieval is a dynamic process that requires neurotransmitter regulation (Barros et al., 2000, Barros et al., 2001). Recently, histamine, and histaminergic transmission has entered the list of putative neurotransmitter modulators of

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgement br Introduction

  2021-09-15

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgement Introduction Biogenic amine histamine is synthesized from L-histidine by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Histamine is involved in a wide variety of pathological and physiological processes including allergic reactions, inflammation, immune responses, gastric secret

• br Prostaglandins meet Hippo The prostaglandins lie at

  2021-09-15

  

  Prostaglandins meet Hippo The prostaglandins lie at the crossroads between inflammation, regeneration and tumorigenesis (Figure 3). Prostaglandins are synthesized from archidonic BLZ945 by Cox1 and Cox2 enzymes [40, 41] and in the gut, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) protects against DSS-induced colitis

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgement br Exposure

  2021-09-15

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgement Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life has been found to increase the risk of developing asthma and lung function deficits in adolescence and adulthood., , , , However, not all children exposed to tobacco smoke in early life develop asthma, which sugges

• br Glucocorticosteroid receptor structure and function The g

  2021-09-14

  

  Glucocorticosteroid receptor structure and function The gene encoding for the human GR is composed of 9 exons (Oakley and Cidlowski, 2011) and the translated protein is described as having 4 functional regions. The protein contains a highly conserved central DNA-binding domain (DBD) or C-domain,

• One way to approach this unifying hypothesis will be

  2021-09-14

  

  One way to approach this unifying hypothesis will be to compare the effects of the PBR/VDAC ligands on these processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that the three ligands of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, i.e. PK 11195, Ro5-4864 and diazepam reduce membrane transport and conductance i

• In addition to the four classical FGFRs

  2021-09-14

  

  In addition to the four classical FGFRs there is an additional receptor, FGFR like-1 (FGFRL1, also known as FGFR5) (Ornitz and Itoh, 2015, Trueb et al., 2003). FGFRL1 gene was discovered in a cartilage specific cDNA library in 2000 (Trueb, 2011, Trueb et al., 2003) and thereafter it has been found i

• br Anandamide signaling and cardiovascular function The card

  2021-09-14

  

  Anandamide signaling and cardiovascular function The cardiovascular effects of cannabinoid compounds have been known for a long time. Studies in humans indicate that chronic use of marijuana causes long lasting decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, whereas the acute use increases heart rate

• In conclusion the most salient observation from

  2021-09-14

  

  In conclusion, the most salient observation from this study was that PAE reduced the expression of HDC protein expression in dentate gyrus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, but not in the caudate nucleus or ventral hypothalamus. The regional basis for this heightened sensitivity is not known, but it

• The other possibility for the

  2021-09-14

  

  The other possibility for the lack of effects of H1 receptor agonists, e.g. histamine, on the NMDAR-mediated responses is that other neurotransmitters may cause more profound effects than histamine on the gliotransmitter release from astrocytes. For example, recent studies showed that noradrenaline,

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